by Siti Rukmana Yus, Syafari and Ani Minarni
Original Research
This research aims to: 1) analyze the types of errors made in solving mathematical problems (MP) based on Newman's procedures by students taught through problem-based learning (PBL); 2) to find the cause of errors in completing the MP based on the Newman procedure after PBL implementation. The subjects in this study were students of class VII Middle Secondary School (MSS) MTsN 3 Aceh Tamiang. Subjects for the purpose of in-depth interviews consisted of six students from different mathematical ability: two students with high ability, two students with moderate ability, and two students with low ability. The object in this study is the completion error in the MPS of students who learning mathematics through PBL on the subject of 'algebraic form'. Based on the results of data analysis, the percentage of students' errors in completing MP was: (1) reading error: 10%; comprehension error: 23.33%; transformation error: 36.67%; process skill error: 43.33%; encoding error: 73.33%; (2) Specific types of failure made by students in solving math problems happened in: (1) changing questions into their own language, (2) representing problems in the form of mathematical equations, (3) doing calculations, (4) manipulating algebra problems, and (5) interpreting the solution of the problem.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 888-892. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-20
Pub. Date: November 28, 2019
2460 Views755 Downloads
by Ferdinand Ukanda, Lucas Othuon, John Agak and Paul Oleche
Original Research
Differential Item Functioning (DIF) is a statistical method that determines if test measurements distinguish abilities by comparing two sub-population outcomes on an item. The Mantel-Haenszel (MH) and Logistic Regression (LR) statistics provide effect size measures that quantify the magnitude of DIF. The purpose of the study was to investigate through simulation the effects of sample size, ability distribution and test length on the number of DIF detections using MH and LR methods. A Factorial research design was used in the study. The population of the study consisted of 2000 examinee responses. A stratified random sampling technique was used with the stratifying criteria as the reference (r) and focal (f) groups. Small sample sizes (20r/20f), (60r/60f) and a large sample size (1000r/1000f) were established. WinGen3 statistical software was used to generate dichotomous item response data. The average effect sizes were obtained for 1000 replications. The number of DIF items were used to draw statistical graphs. The findings of the study showed that MH statistic detected more type A and B DIF items than LR regardless of the nature of Ability Distribution, Sample size and Test length. However MH statistic detected more type C DIF items than LR regardless of Ability Distribution, Sample size and Test length. The number of type C DIF items detected depended on the sample size, test length and ability distribution. Selective use of LR was therefore necessary for detecting type A and B DIF items while MH for detecting Type C DIF items. The findings of the study are of great significance to teachers, educational policy makers, test developers and test users.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 878-887. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-19
Pub. Date: November 27, 2019
3804 Views1239 Downloads2 Likes
by Aniruddha Mahato and Pranab Barman
Original Research
Motivation is an internal impulse that brings us to complete an action. Without motivation, there is no action. The purpose of the study to find out the level of Academic Achievement Motivation among the students of SC, ST Community Students and to explore the correlation between Academic Achievement Motivation and Academic Performance of SC, ST Community students in the district of Purulia. The investigators adopted self-made Academic Achievement Motivation scale to examine the Academic Achievement Motivation and collected the final result of previous year of SC, ST community students in Higher Secondary level students. The investigators analyzed the collected data with Pearson’s correlation method to explore the correlation. The present study revealed that SC & ST Community Students have moderate level of Academic Achievement Motivation. And there is a significant relationship between Academic Achievement Motivation and Academic Performance of SC, ST community students in the district of Purulia. And not statistically, SC students are comparatively higher in Academic Achievement Motivation than ST students in the district of Purulia because the mean score of SC students (176.22) is higher than the mean score of ST students (173.26).
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 872-877. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-18
Pub. Date: November 26, 2019
2681 Views678 Downloads4 Likes
by Tingxuan Li
Original Research
The objective of this study is to provide comparative information on two software programs- IRTPRO version 2.1 for Windows and BMIRT. In educational measurement, software programs are being developed and updated rapidly. By using a small-scale simulation study on a two-parameter logistic model in multidimensional item response theory, this study is to examine the bias values and root mean square error values produced by both programs. Other than item parameter recovery, the comparisons about run time and user interface were also made. The results showed that BMIRT was better in estimating item slope parameters. However, in terms of run time, it is much slower than IRTPRO. In addition, IRTPRO’s interface is much more user friendly than BMIRT’s. Screenshots of conducting item calibrations for both programs are in Appendix A.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 865-871. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-17
Pub. Date: November 25, 2019
2854 Views602 Downloads
by Esta Larosa and Sudji Munadi
Original Research
This study aims to (1) analyze the level of absorption and suitability of the field of work of graduates of the Mechanical Engineering Vocational School in the Yogyakarta Region, (2) find out how the strategies are carried out by the schools to maintain and improve the absorption and relevance of graduates. This research uses a quantitative descriptive approach. Sampling was done using proportional random sampling method. Data collection techniques are done using interview guidelines, observation, and documentation. The subjects of this study were the teacher who manages the special job fair, the head of the study program in the engineering department, the students and the teacher who handled the student industry practice program. The results showed that (1) the percentage of students' absorption in the world of work was 80%, the lowest was 60%, this showed that the incorporation of public and private SMK graduates in Yogyakarta was in the category of functional job readiness, because more than half had entered the world of work, but not all vocational students work according to their fields. The causal factors that influence the discrepancy in the area of student work in the world of work are the lack of cooperation between schools and industry, the availability of jobs in the machining sector is still minimal. (2) Strategies in dealing with technological developments are always carried out by schools to maintain and improve the absorption and relevance of graduates by creating learning variations that support the needs of 4C skills (critical thinking, communication, collaboration and creativity) implementing fun learning strategies, schools also organize machining workshops and seminars on the development of machining technology.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 859-864. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-16
Pub. Date: November 24, 2019
2644 Views621 Downloads1 Likes
by Sadia Dilshad and Samina Malik
Original Research
Studying at a higher education institution can be stressful, particularly for international students, who leave their homes to study in another country. Native students just have to do efforts for educational attainment but foreign students need to develop bicultural competence, as they maintain their values while adjusting to the practical, interpersonal, and emotional challenges encountered in the host country as well. This study explored the foreign students’ cultural adaptation for academic achievements at higher education level in Pakistan. The present study revealed the role of activities, interests, attitudes, knowledge, preferences and .diverse cultural personalities, which drive the foreigner to become a successful student in the non-native institute. The key objective of the study was to explore the pace of cultural adaptation of foreign students at the university level. It was a Purposeful qualitative study with descriptive narration style. The target population was all the foreign students studying in IIUI BS program in faculty of social sciences. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 55 foreign students for the study. The self-developed questionnaire used to collect the data from the foreign students. Collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software. Pearson's correlation coefficient method was used to find out the relationship. Analysis of data revealed that the University environment has been marked supportive for cultural adaption by foreign students but university administration staff meaninglessly wastes their study time and make them worried about the least important things. It was found that foreign students were very much satisfied with the behavior of fellow students and most of the teaching staff. It was concluded that all institutions at higher education level generally and IIUI specifically have to do the work on the main objective of globalization. The teaching and administrative staff here has to be trained that how to help the foreign students to feel at home in their institution, how to reduce the fear and risk factors and increase the pace of cultural adaptation. It is recommended that the teachers, administration and, students of the institution must be made aware of the importance of cross-cultural adaptation and globalization as it is a gateway to attract more foreign students along with economic benefits for the institution.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 853-858. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-15
Pub. Date: November 25, 2019
2309 Views676 Downloads4 Likes
by Abdramane CISSE and Ratna Wardani
Original Research
The aim of this study is to develop a technology model as a contribution to the public university of Mali and also to discover the appropriateness of that new technology for the educational process. The contribution of this study is a technology of WLAN APs and Moodle e-learning model deployment remoted, secured, and managed by a RADIUS server model design which was implemented and deployed on Linux server OS. In order to meet this objective, the research and development or R & D method are used. The subjects of the research were students of bachelor study programs in Cheick Zayed Center of Mali. This technology allowed to solve the lack of Wi-Fi network and system interconnection, optimization.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 845-852. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-14
Pub. Date: November 22, 2019
3265 Views794 Downloads1 Likes
by Debra J. Hanson, Patricia Stutz-Tanenbaum, Oaklee Rogers, Tamara Turner, Cherie Graves and Marilyn G. Klug
Original Research
The collaborative fieldwork supervision model is one supervisory approach that is used to prepare future healthcare providers. Currently, the literature describing the model is limited, making it difficult to identify key factors impacting its use. Further, there is not a known measurement tool of factors influencing collaborative model use. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, the Collaborative Fieldwork Supervision Tool was created and disseminated nationally to occupational therapy practitioners to collect data about their beliefs regarding the benefits and limitations of the collaborative fieldwork supervision model, their use of the model’s strategies, and collaborative fieldwork supervision supports. The second goal was to create a model which was entitled The Collaborative Fieldwork Supervision Process Model. Within the graphic Model,four factors were identified which included Perceived Value of the Collaborative Fieldwork Supervision Model, Pragmatic Considerations for the Collaborative Fieldwork Supervision Model, Fieldwork Educator Considerations for the Collaborative Fieldwork Supervision Model, and Site Considerations for the Collaborative Fieldwork Supervision Model. This Model has potential to be used as a foundation for academic fieldwork coordinators to train both students and fieldwork educators when using the collaborative fieldwork supervision approach.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 837-844. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-13
Pub. Date: November 19, 2019
2244 Views721 Downloads
by Rosauli Novalina Samosir, Pargaulan Siagian and Humuntal Banjarnahor
Original Research
This study aims to determine (1) whether the ability to understand mathematical concepts of students taught by Guided Discovery Learning (GDL) assisted by Autograph Software is higher than students taught by Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) assisted by Autograph Software, (2) whether the ability students' understanding of mathematical concepts in the convergent learning style group is higher than that of the divergent learning style group. This type of research is a quasi-experimental study with a research population of all grade X students of Parulian 1 Medan Private High School. This study uses 2x2 two-way ANAVA. Then proceed with the t test to see whether the two groups differ significantly. Based on the t test statistical calculations and confirmed with spss, it can be concluded that (1) The ability to understand mathematical concepts of students taught by Guided Discovery Learning (GDL) assisted by Autograph Software is higher than students taught by Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) with Software Autograph, (2) The ability to understand students' mathematical concepts in the convergent learning style group is higher than that of the divergent learning style group.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 830-836. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-12
Pub. Date: November 18, 2019
3641 Views1072 Downloads
by Isaac Sonful Coffie, Godwin Kwame Aboagye and Eugene Adjei Johnson
Original Research
Professional development takes place within a context (school, district, regional and national) which has strong influence on the content, process and outcome. The colleges of education in Ghana have been involved in a continuous professional development for the past four years with support of Transforming Teacher Education and Learning (T-TEL). The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the implementation of the professional development ideas by the physics tutors in the colleges. The study employed qualitative case study using four physics tutors who were purposively selected from four different colleges of education. Using typological analysis for interview data collected, it was identified that the factors that affect the implementation of the professional ideas can be put into two themes; positive and negative factors. It came out that the commitment of school leadership and support of the professional development team help in the implementation of the professional development ideas. Unwillingness of tutors to change, tutors’ perception, lack of resources, lack of time and the long period of the professional development are factors thwarting the implementation process. It was recommended among others that assessment practices especially end of semester examination must be aligned with ideas tutors learn in the professional development programme. Also, there should be an explanation by the T-TEL team to tutors as to why the programme has extended so long and if possible a time that the professional development session will end.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 824-829. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-11
Pub. Date: November 18, 2019
1933 Views661 Downloads1 Likes
by Rahmadeni Harahap, Edy Surya and Edi Syahputra
Original Research
The objectives of this study were to: (1) analyze differences in students' mathematical spatial abilities through contextual learning models and guided discoveries oriented to Mandailing Batak culture, (2) analyze differences in student learning motivation through contextual learning models and guided discoveries oriented to Mandailing Batak culture, (3) knowing whether there is an interaction between the learning model and the KAM of students towards the spatial abilities of students, (4) knowing whether there is an interaction between the learning model and the KAM of students towards students' learning motivation. The instruments used consisted of: (1) spatial ability tests, (2) learning motivation questionnaires. Data analysis was performed by analysis of two-way variance (ANAVA). Research results show: (1) there are differences in spatial abilities of students through through contextual learning models and guided discoveries oriented to Mandailing Batak culture, (2) there are differences in student learning motivation through contextual learning models and guided discoveries oriented to Mandailing Batak culture, (3) not the interaction between the learning model and the KAM of students towards the spatial abilities of students, (4) there is no interaction between the learning model and the KAM of students towards students' learning motivation.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 818-823. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-10
Pub. Date: November 17, 2019
2512 Views783 Downloads
by Saeed Nasser saeed Alqahtani
Original Research
This study is aimed at identifying the impact of technology in the classrooms for Saudi students at Midwestern University. To achieve this goal, the researcher conducted a survey on a group of graduate students in Saudi Arabia who are studying in small universities in the Midwest in the United States. The survey inquiries from students, the type of technology used in their studies in Saudi Arabia, how they helped them teach, and how technology changed from their university level in Saudi Arabia to their graduate level in the United States. The study reached the following main results: - The use of technology in the educational process is very useful if used well, as the student. - This type of study can help educators understand the effects of different factors on student preference for learning devices. Although this study contained some limitations, the overall outcome of this research study was conclusive. Limitations of this study included the absence of a definition of income. The study was conducted only in small universities in the Midwest, where the study was completed only once, and the study was not concluded over a period.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 810-817. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-9
Pub. Date: November 14, 2019
2175 Views503 Downloads
by Ardani Ahsanul Fakhri and Sudji Munadi
Original Research
This research aims to evaluate the implementation of industrial internship program on the aspects of: 1) planning, 2) process, and 3) results. In this study, the industrial internship is for the students of Vocational High School in Mechanical Engineering program. This research is a quantitative research with the respondents of teachers, students, and the industries in Tegal regency. The location of this research is in three Vocational High School (VHS) with an engineering program and the industries for students’ internship. The data in this research was collected using questionnaire and analysis of descriptive statistics. The result shows that: (1) the planning of the internship is in the suitability level of 55% for students, 100% for teachers, and 65% for the industries; (2) the process of the internship is in the suitability level of 54% for students, 72% for teachers, and 60% for the industries; and (3) the result of the internship is in the suitability level of 55% for students, 100% for teacher, and 55% for the industries. In conclusion, the execution of the internship program of the VHS in Tegal is suitable for the stakeholders.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 806-809. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-8
Pub. Date: November 12, 2019
2474 Views691 Downloads
by Fendy Wijarwanto and Bernardus Sentot Wijanarka
Original Research
This research aims to find out 1) customer satisfaction index, 2) important employability skills aspects which expected by industries or users of mechanical engineering vocational high school. This research is a quantitative descriptive study that uses the customer satisfaction index approach and Importance Performance Analysis. The subject of this research is the industry with the Human Resource Manager or Production Manager as respondent. The result of the satisfaction index is 76.98%. This value is within the satisfied range, it's mean industry expectations are full fill by grading. Importance employability skills aspects expected by industries are job or duty respect (3.56), discipline (3.55), honesty (3,45), technical design ability (3.44), operate and programming CNC Machine (3.40), operate manual machine (3.33), caring (3.33), using software design (3.22), creativity (3.22), communication (3.11), collaboration (3.11), and automation (3.00). Base on importance-performance analysis indicators job or duty respect and technical design ability are in the quadrant I. Discipline, honesty, concern, operate dan programming CNC, and operate the manual machine are in quadrant II. Communication, creativity and automation are in quadrant III. Using software design and collaboration are in quadrant IV.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 800-805. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-7
Pub. Date: November 11, 2019
3711 Views1291 Downloads6 Likes
by Rosmawaty Simatupang, E. Elvis Napitupulu and Edi Syahputra
Original Research
This study aims to analyze: (1) The level of students' mathematical problem-solving ability, (2) Mistakes made by students in solving mathematical problem-solving problems. This type of research is qualitative research. The subjects of this study were students of class VII-A at Tunas Baru Jin Seung Middle School, Batam City. The results showed that: (1) High-ability students were able to carry out the stages of understanding the problem, devise a plan, carry out a plan and look back. Moderate-ability students are being able to carry out the stages of understanding the problem, devising a plan, and carry out a plan. While low-ability students can carry out the stage of understanding the problem. (2) Students can understand the problem by writing down what is known and asked, but unable to explain in their sentences. Students are not able to devise a plan because of the inability to associate information with one another. Students are not able to carry out a plan, this is due to the inability of students to make plans so they do not understand how to solve problems and calculation errors occur in the completion process. Students are not able to look back obtained and give their arguments.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 794-799. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-6
Pub. Date: November 11, 2019
2453 Views714 Downloads1 Likes
by Khairatun Nisa Rambe, Bornok Sinaga and Asmin
Original Research
This study aims to analyze: (1) the level of metacognitive skills in mathematical problem solving in terms of student learning styles; (2) metacognition difficulties experienced by students in solving mathematical problems in terms of student learning styles. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this study were 34 students of MTs Negeri 1 Labuhanbatu Selatan, then the interview subject was raised based on Honey & Mumford's learning style namely theory, pragmatics, reflector, and activist learning styles. Based on the results of the study it was found that: (1) There were 13 people (38,23%) students with reflector learning styles, students with reflector learning styles at the level of metacognition ability strategic use had high and moderate problem solving abilities. At the level of metacognition ability aware use has moderate solving abilities. At the level of metacognition ability tacit use has low problem solving abilities; There are 8 people (23.52%) students with pragmatic learning styles, students with pragmatic learning styles at the level of reflective and strategic use metacognition ability have high problem solving abilities. At the level of metacognition ability aware use have moderate problem solving abilities. At the level of metacognition ability tacit use students have low problem solving abilities; There are 10 students (29,41%) with theorist learning style, students with theorist learning style at the level of metacognition ability aware use have moderate problem solving abilities. At the level of metacognition ability tacit use has low problem solving abilities; and there are 3 students (8,82%) with activist learning styles, students with strategic use metacognition ability levels have high problem solving abilities, and the level of metacognition ability aware uses have medium problem solving abilities. (2) Metacognition difficulties experienced by students with pragmatic learning styles, reflectors, and theorists in mathematical problem solving are: a) Difficulty of facts, namely representing mathematical symbols to design mathematical models of the given problem; b) Concept difficulties, namely difficulties in applying the method of substitution, elimination, mixed methods, and determinant methods to solve problems; c) The difficulty of principle, namely the difficulty in applying mathematical formulas and rules as well as the difficulty in connecting the concepts given to solve problems and d) Difficulty of procedures, namely difficulty in presenting steps to solve problems in an orderly and correct manner, inaccuracy in presenting problem solving, as well as difficulties in devising problem solving strategies effectively and efficiently.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 780-793. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-5
Pub. Date: November 10, 2019
5432 Views1122 Downloads1 Likes
by Ivo P. Janecka
Original Research
Introduction: Neither Life nor a quantum state are isolated phenomena; both are inter-related systems with mutual dependency and shared doctrines. Material/Method: Public domain records were searched for identifiable observations that were considered relevant to Life principles of systems science; similarities with quantum space-time were explored. Results/Conclusions: A quantum state has directionality within its cycle, from a very long expansion/inflation to a very short contraction/deflation through singularities of reversals in a Black Hole, all followed by a new Big Bang with a new inflationary phase. Living systems represent recapitulation of their evolutionary history and carry it within own coded genome. Sun, Earth, and Life are estimated to have emerged almost simultaneously, within a plateau of about 600 million years (4.6-4 billion years ago), at the transition from the inflationary/expanding quantum state of the Universe to the deflationary/contracting one with the appearance of a definable manifestation of quantum system’s output, the emergence, in the physicality of Sun, Earth, Life, etc. Life has its own Big Bang, symbolized by the unwinding of the nuclear DNA spiral during embryogenesis; within its scale, it is just as massive and rapid as the inflation following the Big Bang in the Universe that is generally dated to about 14 billion years ago. A pathway is also explored to consider ‘how we know that we know’, an outcome of translation of signal processing to cognitive understanding that impact measurements and observations.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 764-779. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-4
Pub. Date: November 10, 2019
3782 Views575 Downloads
by Efiyanti Siregar, M Mulyono, A Asmin, M Mukhtar and Muliawan Firdaus
Original Research
There are five mathematical skills that students must have in one of them is problem-solving. The implementation of problem-based blended learning is expected to demonstrate differences in problem-solving skills that are given problem-based learning blended learning and students who are given conventional learning. It is also known that there are interactions between the initial mathematical ability (KAM) and the learning model of problem-solving capabilities so that this is the purpose of this research. The research was conducted in the private junior high school Imelda Medan with the total population of students in the junior high school. And the research samples amounted to 60 students consisting of two classes, the experimental class and the control class. The results showed that there was a difference in problem-solving skills between students who were given learning-based blended learning and students who were given conventional learning. The student problem-solving capability in the experimental class has a higher average of 78,53, compared to an average control class of 71,56. Then there is the KAM interaction and learning model of problem-solving capability with Fhitungvalue of 3,766 and its significance of 0,029 < 0,05.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 755-763. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-3
Pub. Date: November 07, 2019
2693 Views715 Downloads
by Insyirah Azwarni Nasution, Edi Syahputra and Faiz Ahyaningsih
Original Research
This study aims to: 1) Determine the spatial ability test results of students in problem-based learning models 2) determine the trajectory thinking SMA Negeri 1 Panyabungan East in solving spatial problems on a model of problem-based learning. Subjects in this study is a class XII MIA SMA Negeri 1 East Panyabungan as many as 30 people. This research was qualitative descriptive. The research instrument is a test of spatial ability and interview guidelines. Subject to interview selected as many as 6 people based on the mathematical level of spatial ability. The results showed that: 1) The level of spatial ability in high-ability students have the highest proportion as many as 10 students, followed by the ability students were 14 students and their poor performance as much as 6 students. So, the percentage level of spatial ability students with the ability to 'high' as much as 33.3%; the ability to 'moderate' as much as 46.6%; and the ability to 'low' as much as 20%. 2) Stages of the thought process that is owned by the learners as well as results and findings of this research were the visualization, analysis, informal deduction, deduction and rigor that will be passed as a track point thinking of students.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 749-754. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-2
Pub. Date: November 07, 2019
3151 Views881 Downloads
by Khairul Ramadhani Daulay, Mulyono, Mariani, Mukhtar and Muliawan Firdaus
Original Research
This research aims to identify differences in students problem-solving abilities after applying blended learning based problems and to see the interaction between learning models and early mathematical ability on the student for problem-solving ability. This research was a quasi-experimental study with a sample of 61 students with class VIII-A totaling 30 students as an experimental class and class VIII-B totaling 31 students as a control class. The data to be collected in this study is the data of students' problem solving abilities. The instrument used to collect the data was a problem-solving ability test. The data collected is then analyzed using the two paths ANOVA in the SPSS program. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between problem-based mixed learning models and conventional learning on students' problem-solving abilities.
American Journal of Educational Research. 2019, 7(11), 742-748. DOI: 10.12691/education-7-11-1
Pub. Date: November 01, 2019
2627 Views871 Downloads