American Journal of Educational Research

This paper aims to present the specific educational services to adolescents who are under socio deprivation of liberty in the State of São Paulo - Brazil. The criminal liability of the young is by application of educational measures called that vary according to the severity of the offense and the ability of the young to fulfill it, with an education a right secured to this young man, regardless of offense. The qualitative research sought social practices of young offenders reported in theses and dissertations on specific topic, and the technique of classroom observation and informal conversations with the teachers, the period between 2008 and 2013 was also used. As a result, we found that formal education for these teens run as a space conquest of rights that were previously denied. Right attention, respect, acceptance, love, because the faculty deal with these teens with a look that recognizes them as subjects of rights and, in addition, comprise the peculiar developmental condition that pervade, understanding the anguish, doubts and behaviors sometimes inadequate.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 559-563. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-21
Pub. Date: July 21, 2014

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Using Vignette Testing to Measure Student Science Teachers’ Professional Competencies

by Dorothee Brovelli, Katrin Bölsterli, Markus Rehm and Markus Wilhelm

Original Research

Instruments to measure teachers’ professional competencies with good context validity have been discussed before. We propose a measuring instrument based on vignette testing that analyzes professional competencies for science education using extended teaching contexts. It assesses pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and compares it to pedagogical knowledge (PK). The test consists of text vignettes that describe authentically complex teaching situations in biology, chemistry and physics and then asks open-ended questions. It is analyzed by means of content analysis, thereby integrating quantitative and qualitative methods. The evaluation of the instrument is indicative of a valid measurement instrument and has shown promising potential for assessing competencies. We used the vignette test to compare the competencies of students in different training programs and with different educational backgrounds with the objective of improving science teacher education. The testing format developed in this study proved to be able to assess teachers’ professional competencies validly in their situational context of teaching. Results show a significant increase in competencies among science teacher students in the course of their training. The results of the control group (science students not pursuing a career in teaching) are remarkably poorer. Moreover, differences were identified when comparing the vignette based competency profiles of science teacher students and teacher students of other subjects, the latter scoring significantly lower in PCK. In addition, we compared competencies of students from different teacher training programs and found differences for students trained in interdisciplinary approaches (combining the disciplines biology, chemistry and physics) and students in separate-discipline approaches.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 555-558. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-20
Pub. Date: July 21, 2014

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Institutional Aspects of Development of Power Industry

by Burganov Rais Abrarovich

Original Research

This work is devoted to the problems of institutional changes in the electricity sector. Development of theoretical and methodological basis for the study of institutional relations of economy and energy will significantly influence the creation of the original effective energy strategy. The subject concerns millions of households. It is known that the problematic aspects of the institutional environment - keeping costs and externalities in pricing policies, the formation of the institutional environment saving, determination of the behavior of economic agents and the electricity market , etc. require permits. In general, scientific and practical significance of the study is large.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 552-554. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-19
Pub. Date: July 21, 2014

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Museum, Education and Visual Culture Practices: Museums in Turkey

by Zekiye Çıldır and Ceren Karadeniz

Original Research

Modern approach evolved modern museums as dialogue centres which make close contact with visitors based on learning in order to present its exhibition objects. Along with twenty first century, being one of the most important places among the social functions of museums, “education” has almost been one of the traditional functions of them. Besides the educational facilities which museums provide visitors, they should also develop their physical structures in a contemporary line, and reconsider them in a way that highlights individual experience and visitor interaction during the time spent in there. In order to maximize interaction between visitors and museums, museum education which is developed by using pedagogical methods and grounding on various values, concepts and information has a close relation with visual culture that is an interdisciplinary concept. Visual culture has put popular objects into museums and been an important subject on which modern museums focused in order to provide their sustainability. Modern museums produce information and aim to spread information to all classes in a society by using educational activities; also when they are considered as living places, they are used to practice the functions of visual culture. These practices have been helpful for developing information technologies in museums especially for the last thirty years and, resulted in implementing a structural reform and revisions in regard to integrating these technologies with museum perception. In the frame of these revisions, online technologies, simulations, interactive presentations and digital exhibitions are at the first place. These chances that took place in museums have been the source for from the collections of these institutions to their policies and also from the use of human resources to digitalizing of their activities. The purpose of this study is to identify the visual culture activities which take place in modern museums in the framework of educational activities, and to display practice samples in Turkish museums in detail. The study is a result of a descriptive survey model research that contains samples regarding visual culture practices in the world and Turkish museums. The study is limited with state and private museums which are tied to Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture and Tourism and inspected by the relevant ministry. Visual culture practices that took place in these museums are gathered by using structured interview forms and commented by analyzing content analysis.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 543-551. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-18
Pub. Date: July 20, 2014

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Effect of Improvised Instructional Materials on Students’ Achievement in Geometry at the Upper Basic Education Level in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

by Iji Clement O, Ogbole Patience O and Uka Nanna K

Original Research

Among all approaches aimed at reducing poor mathematics achievement, adoption of appropriate methods of teaching appears to be more rewarding. In this study, improvised instructional materials were used to ascertain students’ geometry achievement at the upper basic education one. Two research questions were asked while two hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. It adopted a quasi-experimental design of non-randomized pre-test post-test control group type. Carried out at Makurdi metropolis with a population of 1680 universal basic education (UBE) students. From this, 139 students were sampled from four schools out of the 22 UBE schools. Instrument of the study was Geometry Achievement Test (GAT). Research questions asked were answered using descriptive statistic of mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses formulated were tested using Analysis of covariance. The study found that students taught with improvised instructional materials improved on their geometry achievement. Also that both male and female student in the experimental group improved more on their geometry achievement than those of the control group. Recommendations such as encouraging mathematics teachers to use improvised instructional materials in their mathematics classroom were made among others. Relevant and adequate conclusions were also made.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 538-542. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-17
Pub. Date: July 17, 2014

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A European Perspective on the Higher Education in Romania

by Simona Stanciu

Original Research

This paper aims at offering an overview and a theoretical framework of the national specific of the Romanian Higher Education and the challenges that lie ahead for a common European approach to education (the Bologna process and the European Higher Education Area- EHEA). We examine the National Qualifications in the EHEA Framework by addressing aspects such as degree cycles; qualification levels; types of diplomas; quality assurance; credit transfer system and Diploma Supplement. A critical argumentation in terms of learning outcomes translatability and recognition of academic and professional qualifications is addressed. Also, we shortly present some challenges concerning the student population (underrepresented groups; student fees and scholarships; student mobility).The research methodology comprises a thorough literature review of the national policy as it is the decisive factor for the Romanian education system (the National Law of Education from 2011 and the latest Governmental Decisions; the National Qualifications Authority’s Self-certification Report 2011; and data produced by other accredited Romanian Agencies, such as the Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance and the National Centre for Recognition and Equivalence of Diplomas). Also, a main piece of literature that was of great importance is the European Union’s institutional perspective (data provided by the European Commission Eurostat- the statistical office of the European Union; Information Centres, and European Students’ Union), along with scientific studies in the area of higher education. Understanding the comparability mechanisms in tertiary education provides a common ground for bettering students and work-force mobility around the Globe.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 526-532. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-15
Pub. Date: July 14, 2014

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Belief Change: Secondary Teachers’ Class Observation

by Siping LIU and Jian WANG

Original Research

This essay explores the questions about preservice teachers’ belief about effective teaching, especially their understanding of students, and their expectation from teacher education program. The authors ground their research in theories of teachers’ belief and belief change. Data collected from 35 participants are based on open-ended survey questions. Findings indicate that the participants made a significant change of their belief about students after the guided observation. They believe what they need to learn from teacher education is mainly pedagogical knowledge. The authors conclude that field experience helps students make some change of their belief but they still take a rather simplistic view about teaching.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 519-525. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-14
Pub. Date: July 14, 2014

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Art-tutorship and Quality of Teaching: new Frontiers for Classrooms to Teach and Educate to 'Art'

by Ferrara Lydia, Flammia Aurora and De Venuto Marcella

Original Research

Art is the product of a creative process that manifests itself in most forms of expression and is an experience for both the author and the user. Therapy is everything that relates to change and is realized with a request for help from those who manifested dysfunctionality in relational life that the Art-tutor can help you ask yourself differently in respect of himself and of reality. Over the past decade, the Italian University went through deep renovations, which led to the transition from University of knowledge to University of skills. The University reform, under the teaching autonomy of universities, gave ample space to the role of the quality of teaching, highlighting the importance of informational structures, development and consolidation of the functions of guidance and support to students, to make effective the right to University study. Tutorial Teaching Art Therapy should be promoted in all teaching-learning situations until joining in universities. Encouraging communication and expression, through sound (structured and unstructured), movement, the tools (conventional, unconventional and natural), using the colors and the body as effective vehicles to determine a bond and a relationship between participants. It operates not only on suffering and discomfort but is also a means to get to the full understanding of the cognitive, emotional issues and relationship of oneself and of others In his teaching, art-tutor is a teacher who helps learning, offers a professional model to observe and imitate, aims at the other's autonomy and accompanies the learner competence; identifies and makes possible essential educational objectives; helps to learn, to educate but principally shapes and educates. In addition to helping the exercise of skill, knowledge transfers, educating; helps give shape and meaning to knowledge, valuing what they so unaware the learner already possesses.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 513-518. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-13
Pub. Date: July 11, 2014

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Humor Creator and the Audience - A Multi-dimensional Model Supported by In-vivo Methodology

by Varda Inglis, Sima Zach and Shlomo Kaniel

Original Research

The purpose of this study was to reevaluate the multi-dimensional model of humor creation, which is comprised of three dimensions: humor motivation, humor cognition, and humor communication, using in vivo (natural setting) methodology. Thirty-four lecturers from colleges and universities completed a questionnaire. Additionally, 1530 students observed these lecturers and evaluated their sense of humor. Judges also evaluated the degree of humor in 750 video clips excerpted from 91 filmed lessons taught by the lecturers. Two path-analysis models substantiated the multidimensional model. A person's role – humor creator or humor receiver – was the strongest variable explaining the variance in humor creation. This study suggests that not only the humor creator, but also the humor receiver, contributes to variance in humor creation. In addition, the study expands the toolbox of humor measurement.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 503-512. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-12
Pub. Date: July 11, 2014

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Can Girls Attend and Complete School in Ghana; Measuring Parents Educational Status as a Factor of Confidence and Belief in Girls Education

by Emmanuel Wedam, Job Asante and Irene Akobour Debrah

Original Research

Available statistics indicates that girls are disproportionately at a disadvantage in the acquisition of formal education in Ghana. Attempts to balance this have over the years focused mainly on dealing with socio-economic and cultural factors without recourse to other visible yet covert factors that affect parents’ attitude towards formal education. This study examines whether parents educational status has any influence, effect and impact on their belief and confidence about whether girls can attend, excel and complete school in Ghana. A mixed method approach was adopted for the study. There were significant differences in the response variables. Parents who had never attended school before had a very high belief bias about the ability of girls to attend, excel and complete school than parents who had ever attended school before. About 26.5 percent of parents did not have confidence and belief girls can attend, excel and complete school in Ghana as against 73.5 percent of patients who shared a different opinion. In this study, we are convinced that even though stakeholders are continuously working to remove the barriers in girls’ acquisition, completion and transition in school, focus must generally be directed to the parental factors. The study concludes that if any concrete results can be achieved in the fight to create gender parity then the factors that influence parents’ perception about girls education must be critical addressed.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 493-502. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-11
Pub. Date: July 10, 2014

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Enhancing Performance Music Games in Education through the IEEE 1599 Standard

by Luca Andrea Ludovico, Mario Malcangi and Giuseppina Rita Mangione

Original Research

This work aims at proposing an innovative way to approach music education, focusing performance games and advanced natural interfaces. The key idea is coupling the power of IEEE 1599, an XML-based international standard for music description, with the concept of music meta-instrument. Meta-instruments are ad hoc interfaces which allow a simplified interaction among the student and music contents. The proposed framework will provide a tool for music practice, powered by the typical features of an IEEE 1599 document. Both a brief overview of the standard and a meta-instrument case study will be presented.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 486-492. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-10
Pub. Date: July 09, 2014

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Ervehe as Moral Triumph and Trial of the Woman Who Explores the Social Utopia

by RAHIM OMBASHI

Original Research

The masterpiece of Muhammad Kyçyku alamiado writer (1784-1844) Erveheja became the most recognized in the period of the Albanian National Renaissance literature, after its first publication, in 1888, in Bucharest, by Jani Vreto. While the number of those who could read the Arabic alphabet was very low, the narrative poem, with only 214 stanzas of four verses, and with octosyllable range, was enjoyed and understood in listening by many admirers. The cause of the massive proliferation should be seen in the simplification of the poetic creation after two adaptations, but also of the social mission of this kind of utopian literature. Being a deliberate literature, it more strongly influenced the listener in the socio-cultural context, as the determining one of the text. After the discovery and the publication of the original text, Erveheja realized a kind of criticism, since the nucleus to understand reading a work of art is hidden within it. More importance was given to the text, by passing the universal themes, as the field of literature which gives the content, but also to the cultural themes, relating to Islam and Islamic culture. The idea that emerges as a dominant feature of the work is individual and the related topics are the pain of life and some other sub topics relating to it. Therefore, the collections of the information will pass on reflective analysis, which will help in accessing the social reality of the dream.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 480-485. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-9
Pub. Date: July 08, 2014

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Test and Play - A Complex Relationship

by Maja Ahler

Case Study

Collecting data in relation to an interventional research project (SPACE (School site, Play spot, Active transport, Club fitness and Environment) was developing, documenting, and assessing a comprehensive intervention over 3 years in 14 local school districts to promoted everyday physical activity among 11-15-year-olds adolescents.) a 7^th grade boy draw my attention to the combination of test and play with a striking comment. I got interested and wanted to know how the 7^th graders experienced these test situations, the one in the beginning and the one in the end of the project? Had they experienced it as test, play or something else? And how did they perceive a relationship between their experiences and their conceptions of test and play? In my study (The study of test and play was the final project of my Masters degree in Sport and Health at University of Southern Denmark, supervised by Professor Henning Eichberg) it appeared how a relation between test and play, according to the pupils’ belief of test and play was a combination of two complex contradictions. Through analysis it became clear how the 7.^th graders reflection on their own experiences was about more than test and play. Their narratives and the focus group discussions pointed towards a triadic relationship of test, play and sport.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 477-479. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-8
Pub. Date: July 08, 2014

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Effect of Gender, Age and Mathematics Anxiety on College Students’ Achievement in Algebra

by Owolabi Josiah and Etuk-iren Olubunmi Adejoke

Original Research

Mathematics is a very important subject. It is the language of science and technology and so it is a force to reckon with in the development of any nation. Several studies on factors that affect mathematics achievement have been conducted. However, studies on factors that affect mathematics achievement among College students in Nigeria seem to be rare. This study therefore sought to investigate the effects of gender, age and mathematics anxiety of College students on their achievement in Algebra. The study adopted an expost-facto design since no variable was manipulated. The participants of the study are mathematics teacher trainees in the Federal Colleges of Education in Lagos and Ogun states of Nigeria. The data for the study was from a questionnaire which elicited information on gender and age of respondents, a mathematics anxiety scale (r=0.82) and participants’ achievement score in an Algebra course coded MAT 111. The achievement score in Algebra is the dependent variable while gender, age and mathematics anxiety formed the independent variables of the study. The data collected were analysed using mean, standard deviation, independent t-test and One-way ANOVA. The results of the analyses showed average performance in the Algebra course. Besides, the differences in achievement across gender,age and mathematics anxiety groupings (low, medium and high) were all non-significant. Since the participants are on their first semester in the college and their performance is generally on the average, it is recommended that proper orientation be given to new students on how to be high achievers on the programme. Besides, their lecturers should be as simple as possible in their instructions.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 474-476. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-7
Pub. Date: July 06, 2014

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Necessity of Having Propaedeutic Courses of Computer Science in Preschool and Primary Education in the Republic of Kazakhstan

by Yessen Iklasovich Bidaibekov, Lyazzat Baltabaevna Rakhimzhanova, Darazha Nagashbaevna Issabayeva, Shyryn Shirinkyz Tileubergenovna, Issabayeva Sulu Nagashbaevna and Ainagul Kaipbayeva

Original Research

In the article elements of informatization of preschool and primary education at schools of the Republic of Kazakhstan, considering development of system of technical, program, methodical means, providing an introduction of computer science and computing in practice of training and educational process of propaedeutic course of computer science with wide usage of computerized intersubject connections in all school subjects in native Kazakh language are considered. On the one hand, the results will be rely on solution of problems of preschool education system in senior and preparatory groups of preschool institutions of the RK - kindergartens; on the other hand, - on organic interface of propaedeutic school course with basic course of computer science, including program and methodical systems in 5-th-9-th grades and with preprofessional school course of computer science. Besides, perspectives of usage of electronic educational resources in management of all three training levels - propaedeutic, basic and preprofessional will be taken into consideration.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 472-473. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-6
Pub. Date: July 03, 2014

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A Correlational Study on Dispositional Resilience, Psychological Well-being, and Coping Strategies in University Students

by Elisabetta Sagone and Maria Elvira De Caroli

Original Research

This study concerned the relationships among the dispositional resilience, the dimensions of psychological well-being, and the coping strategies in a sample of 183 Italian university students aged 20-26 years and recruited from three Degree Courses at University of Catania (East Sicily, Italy). The following scales were used: 1) the Dispositional Resilience Scale-II to explore the factors of positive attitude, helplessness/alienation, and rigidity; 2) the Psychological Well-Being Scales clustered in six dimensions named autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, positive relations with others, personal growth, and self-acceptance; 3) the COPE Inventory to analyze the five coping strategies defined as social support, reinterpretation, avoidance, problem solving, humor/turning to religion. Results indicated that high levels of positive attitude were correlated positively with the strategies of reinterpretation and problem solving, but negatively with avoidance coping, and high levels of helplessness/alienation were related positively to avoidance. Moreover, high levels of positive attitude were positively correlated with almost all dimensions of psychological well-being; high levels of helplessness/alienation were negatively correlated with psychological well-being. Finally, almost all dimensions of psychological well-being were correlated negatively with avoidance strategy and positively with problem solving coping; in addition, personal growth was positively correlated with reinterpretation. Implications for future educational trainings, centered on the effects of resilience and coping strategies on psychological well-being, will be discussed.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 463-471. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-5
Pub. Date: July 01, 2014

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Education and Human Rights

by Güzver Yıldıran

Original Research

The contention presented in the paper is that there is no society in this day of globalization, where the institution of education is systematized within a moral or ethical frame aligned with the requirements stated in universal documents of human rights, signed by member states. Four points are emphasized and demonstrated by quantitative world data, where violations of human rights permeate educational systems across countries. The first violation of human rights is related to the question of who is allowed to be educated. The second human right violation is related to the differences in the in the duration of compulsory education and educational opportunities that exist in our world. The third human right violation is related to whether educational systems are based on social class differences, perpetuating inequalities at the societal level, for example as instantiated by Continental Europe. Finally, the fourth human right violation is presented in reltion to inequalities in the quality of compulsory education provided, where differences follow ethnic and racial demarcations, as instantiated by the United States of America.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 456-462. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-4
Pub. Date: June 29, 2014

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Measuring Service Quality of a Higher Educational Institute towards Student Satisfaction

by Selim Ahmed and Muhammad Mehedi Masud

Original Research

Service quality is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of academic programmes. This is because service quality has become a major strategy for improving competitiveness in an educational institution. This research conducted a quantitative survey on students’ perception of a higher educational institute in Malaysia namely Graduate School of Management, IIUM based on service quality performance. This paper mainly focused on critical factors of service quality of academic programmes which are offered by the Graduate School of Management, IIUM. Based on research findings and analysis, this study explored seven dimensions of service quality namely: administrative service, tangibles, academic programmes, academic staff, delivery of teaching, assurance, and empathy. In this study, authors used SPSS – 18 and AMOS -16 version to explore seven dimensions of service quality through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). These seven dimensions were tested to measure the relationships with overall students’ satisfaction of Graduate School of Management (GSM), IIUM by using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 447-455. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-3
Pub. Date: June 25, 2014

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Patient Education – Relevance in Nursing Education and Practice

by Gunta Bēta

Original Research

Working in health care, regardless of the care level provided by the establishment - primary, secondary or tertiary – a nurse must know and apply the competences and expertise in pedagogy. Theoretical knowledge and pedagogical skills are acquired within the educational process. The development of the pedagogical skills occurs according to the actual situation in the process of the nurse’s practical work. Patient education includes general pedagogical coherence and is based on the structure of the educational process, the application of the means according to the patient's needs. Despite the e - learning opportunities that are being successfully applied in many areas, the patient's direct contact with nurses is important because the opportunity to have personal contact and get feedback is an advantage of direct communication that in the majority of cases is a personal and accurate way of communicating. The study analyzes the range of methods used by nurses in the education of patients that reflect the nursing activities in real situation, securing the process of development of formal education.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 441-446. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-2
Pub. Date: June 24, 2014

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Acquisition of English Articles by Croatian Primary School Students in Early English Foreign Language Learning

by Katica Balenovic

Original Research

This paper deals with an analysis of transcribed recordings of spontaneous classroom interaction in five classes of primary school students in early EFL learning in Croatia. The study was conducted within the framework of a large research project supported by the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sports. The students involved in this study started learning English at the very beginning of their education. The recordings were made during three consecutive years when the students were at the end of grades one, two and three. Although the students’ overall language development showed clear progress, the development of the correct use of definite and indefinite articles remained highly variable. Progress was made in the sense that throughout the years the use of both types of article increased, but incorrect usage was still very frequent. The study shows a clear interdependence between lexis and grammar at the very beginning of English foreign language learning.

American Journal of Educational Research. 2014, 2(7), 436-440. DOI: 10.12691/education-2-7-1
Pub. Date: June 23, 2014

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